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Biography of Satyendra Nath Bose

Satyendra Nath Bose (Bengali: সত্যেন্দ্র নাথ বসু) was an Indian physicist specializing in mathematical physics. He was born on January 1, 1894 in Calcutta. His father Surendranath Bose was employed in the Engineering Department of the East Indian Railway. He later setup his own chemical and pharmaceutical company. Satyendra Nath lost his mother at an early age. His mother’s name was Amodoni Devi. He was the eldest of seven children. He was the only son, with six sisters after him. Satyendra Nath Bose married Ushabati at the age of 20. They had nine children. Two of them died in their early childhood.

Satyendra Nath started to go to school at the age of five. He passed his entrance examination in 1909 from Hindu School. He stood fifth in the order of merit. As a student of the Hindu High School he established a new record, scoring 110 marks for a maximum of 100 in mathematics. He had solved some problems in mathematics by more than one method. That was why his teacher gave him more marks than the maximum. He next joined intermediate science course at the Presidency College, Calcutta, where he was taught by illustrious teachers as Jagadish Chandra Bose and Prafulla Chandra Ray. Satyendra Nath Bose chose mixed (applied) mathematics for his B.Sc. and passed the examinations standing first in 1913 and again stood first in the M.Sc. mixed mathematics exam in 1915. It is said that his marks in the M.Sc. examination created a new record in the annals of the University of Calcutta, which is yet to be surpassed.

As a polyglot, he was well versed in several languages such as Bengali, English, French, German and Sanskrit as well as poetry of Lord Tennyson, Rabindranath Tagore and Kalidasa. He could also play the esraj, a musical instrument similar to a violin. He was actively involved in running night schools that came to be known as the Working Men's Institute.

After completing his M.Sc. Bose joined the University of Calcutta as a research scholar in 1916 and started his studies in the theory of relativity. It was an exciting era in the history of scientific progress. Quantum theory had just appeared on the horizon and important results had started pouring in.

Satyendra Nath Bose is best known for his work on quantum mechanics, providing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. Bose started his career in 1916 as a Lecturer in Physics in Calcutta University. He served here from 1916 to 1921. He joined the newly established Dhaka University in 1921 as a Reader in the Department of Physics.

Satyendra Nath Bose, along with Saha, presented several papers in theoretical physics and pure mathematics from 1918 onwards. In 1924, while working as a Reader at the Physics Department of the University of Dhaka, Bose wrote a paper deriving Planck’s quantum radiation law without any reference to classical physics by using a novel way of counting states with identical particles. This paper was seminal in creating the very important field of quantum statistics. Though not accepted at once for publication, he sent the article directly to Albert Einstein in Germany. Einstein, recognizing the importance of the paper, translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the prestigious Zeitschrift für Physik. As a result of this recognition, Bose was able to work for two years in European X-ray and crystallography laboratories, during which he worked with Louis de Broglie, Marie Curie, and Einstein.

After his stay in Europe, Bose returned to Dhaka in 1926. He was made Head of the Department of Physics. He continued guiding and teaching at Dhaka University. Bose designed equipments himself for a X-ray crystallography laboratory. He set up laboratories and libraries to make the department a center of research in X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, optical spectroscopy, wireless, and unified field theories. He also published an equation of state for real gases with Meghnad Saha. He was also the Dean of the Faculty of Science at Dhaka University until 1945. When the partition of India became imminent, he returned to Calcutta to take up the prestigious Khaira Chair and taught at University of Calcutta until 1956. He insisted every student to design his own equipment using local materials and local technicians. He was made professor emeritus on his retirement. He then became Vice Chancellor of Visva-Bharati University in Shanti Niketan. He returned to the University of Calcutta to continue research in nuclear physics and complete earlier works in organic chemistry. In subsequent years, he worked in applied research such as extraction of helium in hot springs of Bakreshwar.

Apart from physics, he did some research in biotechnology and literature (Bengali, English). He made deep studies in chemistry, geology, zoology, anthropology, engineering and other sciences. Being a Bengali, he devoted a lot of time to promoting Bengali as a teaching language, translating scientific papers into it, and promoting the development of the region.

In 1937, Rabindranath Tagore dedicated his only book on science, Visva–Parichay, to Satyendra Nath Bose. Bose was honored with title Padma Vibhushan by the Indian Government in 1954. In 1959, he was appointed as the National Professor, the highest honor in the country for a scholar, a position he held for 15 years. In 1986, the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences was established by an act of Parliament, Government of India, in Salt Lake, Calcutta.

Bose became an adviser to the newly formed Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. He was the President of Indian Physical Society and the National Institute of Science. He was elected General President of the Indian Science Congress. He was the Vice President and then the President of Indian Statistical Institute. In 1958, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was nominated as member of Rajya Sabha. Postal stamp was also released on his name. In reorganization of the services done by Bose, one of the elementary particles has been named after him as Boson.

Satyendra Nath Bose died on 4^th February 1974 at the age of 80. He was a great populariser of science. He strongly felt that it was duty to present science to the common man in his own language. For popularizing science Bose wrote in Bengali. Bose’s work stood at the transition between the 'old quantum theory' of Planck, Bohr and Einstein and the new quantum mechanics of Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac and others.

References :

* "Bose, Satyendranath (1894-7974)"
* Satyendra Nath Bose The Creator of Quantum Statistics
* For the Indian Father of the 'God Particle,' A Long Journey from Dhaka
* The Bose in the Boson
* Vigyan Prasar

 

 

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